The article is distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License. Unless otherwise stated, associated published material is distributed under the same licence.
Improving cooling rate in a cold room by using a parametric study coupled with computational fluid dynamics
The cooling dynamics of fruits depend on the flow conditions around the biological material. Computational fluid dynamics (CFD) coupled with a design of experiments (DOE) was implemented to reveal how a design variable (bin open area) and an operational variable (cold air mass flow at the inlet) affect turbulence and therefore the cooling kinetics. The CFD model was first validated against experimental local velocities inside the bins with an error of 14% to later be used in the parametric study (simulated data was consistent with experimental data). A clear non-homogeneity in turbulence distribution (vertical stratification) was found and therefore different local cooling rates. For this cooling room, the bin located in the top are cooling faster (8.1 hour 7/8th cooling time) that the bin located in the bottom (14.7 hours 7/8th cooling time). A 65% reduction in the mass flow rate shows a 21% increment in 7/8th cooling time and 57% increment in the lateral bin open area with a constant the flow rate, shows 9% increments in the 7/8th cooling time but with a 2 hours (7/8th cooling time) reduction in the difference between the bin in the top and the bin in the bottom which implied better homogeneity.
Copyright (c) 2025 Wilmer Cruz Guayacundo , Natali López Mejía , Hugo Fabian Lobatón García , Dustin Tahisin Gómez Rodríguez (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Use of technological tools and visual problems in medical students at a university in Cajamarca
Objective: Determine the relationship between the use of technological tools and visual problems in medical students at a university in Cajamarca in 2024. Materials and Methods: Basic type study with a quantitative approach, non-experimental, cross-sectional and correlational design. Two questionnaires were applied to a sample of 165 MH students, the first on the use of HT, prepared by Quinto M. in 2018, consists of 6 questions, with a Cronbach's Alpha of 0.88 and the second, “Questionnaire of Visual Disorders (Symptoms of the user of data display screens)”, prepared by Flores and Cárdenas in 2019, which has 14 items and a Cronbach Alpha of 0.734. Results: Significance was identified between the use of HT and visual problems (p = 0.0156). Likewise, cell phone use was significant in relation to burning or itchy eyes (p = 0.0003), and the use of laptop computers with the same symptom (p = 0.003). Conclusion: The factors associated with PV addressed aspects such as age, sex, year of studies, socioeconomic level, but were not significant. However, significance was observed in the use of HT and PV in MH students (p = 0.0156). Thus, excessive use of HT predisposes us to developing PV, so these findings help us reflect and take measures to prevent the development of PV.
Copyright (c) 2025 María de los Ángeles Cabrera Ruiz, Brenda Araceli Horna Zamora, Alexandro Ramos Rodríguez, Esperanza Portilla Delgado, Miriam Adelis Leyva Chávez (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Therapeutic strategies in multidrug-resistant pulmonary tuberculosis: impact of bedaquiline as a pharmacological innovation
MDR-TB is a considerable challenge for global public health given the growing resistance to conventional drugs. This article evaluates the efficacy and safety of bedaquiline, an inhibitor of Mycobacterium tuberculosis ATP synthase, in the pharmacotherapy of multidrug-resistant pulmonary tuberculosis. Using the PRISMA method, 20 investigations from international data were selected with the objective of evaluating therapeutic efficacy, adverse effects and clinical improvement in patients undergoing treatments with regimens that incorporate bedaquiline. The findings indicate that these interventions achieve success rates exceeding 80%, with accelerated bacteriological conversion during the first weeks of treatment. Although adverse effects such as QTc interval prolongation, hepatotoxicity, peripheral neuropathy, myelosuppression, and hematologic toxicity were documented, these were manageable with appropriate follow-up. The article concludes that bedaquiline constitutes an essential progress in the treatment of MDR-TB, although its high cost and monitoring restrict its accessibility.
adverse effects and clinical improvement
Copyright (c) 2025 D. Castro Guerra , Enzo Bazualdo Fiorini , Segundo Bueno Ordoñez (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Artificial intelligence in the early diagnosis of digestive cancer
Digestive cancer is one of the leading causes of mortality worldwide, with an increasing incidence in several regions, including Latin America. Early detection of these pathologies is crucial to improve clinical outcomes and reduce the economic burden associated with the treatment of advanced stage cancers. This review is justified by the need to address the significant challenge of early detection of digestive cancer, especially in asymptomatic patients. The main objective of this study is to learn about the benefits of artificial intelligence (AI) in improving early diagnosis of digestive cancers, evaluating its effectiveness in identifying early lesions and its impact on diagnostic accuracy. Through a systematic review of the literature, and the application of the PRISMA model for its development, we examine various applications of AI as applied to medicine and specifically to the diagnosis of digestive cancers, including computer-aided detection (CADe), and discuss the benefits of its implementation in clinical practice. The findings suggest that AI has the potential to transform digestive cancer diagnosis, although further research is required to overcome current barriers and validate its use in clinical settings.
Copyright (c) 2025 Andrea Leticia Gil Acosta , Enzo Bazualdo Fiorini , Segundo Bueno Ordoñez (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Integration of telemedicine and artificial intelligence in the use of 3D printing in facial reconstruction
Facial reconstruction addresses congenital malformations and trauma through functional and aesthetic repair, but faces limitations due to the dependence on surgical skills. The integration of telemedicine, artificial intelligence (AI) and 3D printing have emerged as a solution to improve the accuracy and accessibility of treatments; the objective was to demonstrate the benefits of telemedicine and artificial intelligence in the use of 3D printing in facial reconstructions. A literary review was carried out using the PRISMA method, analyzing 20 studies from Scielo, Elsevier, PubMed, REDALYC and ERIC and taking into account the inclusion criteria: 1) Research period between 2020 and 2024 2) Textual studies 3) Review articles 4) Spanish, English and Portuguese language 5) Free open access articles, demonstrating that these technologies increase the quality of treatment in functional and aesthetic results. The findings were a decrease in hospital admissions (12.5%) and medical costs (5.3%), accuracy in facial reconstructions (90% sensitivity) and economic benefits with 26% returns on technological investment (4-6). It is concluded that there is an improvement in functional and aesthetic results in facial reconstruction and that it also transforms the accessibility and efficiency of the health system. However, the adoption of these technologies faces challenges such as limited access to resources and the need for more precise algorithms.
Copyright (c) 2025 Adriana Nicole Mendoza Leiva, Teddy William Saavedra Alvarado, Miriam Adelis Leyva Chávez (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Photoaging: molecular mechanisms, clinical impact, and treatment strategies
Background:Cutaneous photoaging is a clinically distinguishable form of extrinsic aging caused primarily by chronic ultraviolet (UV) radiation exposure, accelerating the structural and functional degradation of the skin. Objective: To critically synthesize scientific evidence on the molecular mechanisms, clinical manifestations, and therapeutic strategies related to photoaging. Methods: A narrative review was conducted between February and April 2025 through indexed databases (PubMed, SciELO, Scopus, ScienceDirect), using controlled MeSH terms and Boolean operators to retrieve full-text articles from 2000 to 2024 in English and Spanish. Results: Studies show that UV radiation triggers oxidative stress via excessive generation of reactive oxygen species (ROS), activates proinflammatory transcription factors (NF-κB, AP-1), and upregulates matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs), leading to degradation of collagen, elastin, and DNA damage. Clinically, this results in wrinkles, elastosis, and increased risk of skin neoplasms. Conclusions: Current therapies include topical retinoids, antioxidants, advanced photoprotection, and platelet-rich plasma. Personalized approaches and advanced delivery technologies such as nanoparticles and liposomes are needed to enhance therapeutic efficacy.
Copyright (c) 2025 Márcia Nayane Da Silva, Jessica Benitez Duarte, Luciana Daniela Garlisi-Torales, Rossana Elizabeth Poletti Duarte (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Atmospheric pollution by PM 2.5 and microplastics: risks and scientific advances
Introduction: Pollution by fine particulate matter (PM2.5) and microplastics (PMs) appeared as a growing environmental and public health problem. PM2.5 particles, with a diameter of less than 2.5 μm, penetrated deeply into the respiratory system, while PMs, plastic fragments smaller than 5 mm, acted as carriers of pollutants. Scientific evidence indicated that their combination could increase respiratory, cardiovascular and oncological risks. Development: International and local studies reported variable concentrations of PM2.5, from low values in Villavicencio and Tarapoto to critical levels in Shanghai, New Delhi and Brazilian cities, where WHO recommendations were widely exceeded, especially in winter. Research such as that of Zhu et al. and Abbasi identified PMs in PM2.5 fractions, using techniques such as FTIR spectroscopy and scanning electron microscopy (SEM/EDS). The main sources were documented to include transportation, industrial emissions, domestic combustion and degradation of major plastics. Meteorological factors such as temperature, humidity and wind speed influenced particle dispersion. Spatial and temporal variability evidenced the need for integrated and accurate monitoring systems. Conclusions: The interaction between PM2.5 and PMs generated a complex environmental risk scenario, requiring public policies to reduce emissions and regulate the use of plastics. Methodological advances improved detection, although limitations persisted in understanding their chronic effects. Evidence supported that early and coordinated action was key to mitigate impacts on health and the environment.
Copyright (c) 2022 Rodrigo Dávid Colichón Carranza, Alexis Torres-del Aguila, Carlos Mauricio Lozano Carranza, Andi Lozano Chung (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Impacts of Particulate Matter (PM 2.5) on the atmospheric quality of the District of Morales - Province of San Martin – 2022
The particles (PM 2.5) contain a series of contaminants present on their surface, including minerals released into the environment and microplastics, among others, which affect air quality and people's health. The objective of the study was to evaluate the impact of particulate matter (PM2.5) on atmospheric quality in the Morales district of the city of Tarapoto. The design was non-experimental, applied and cross-sectional. For this purpose, 10 sampling stations were considered where air samples were collected for the measurement of PM2.5 by gravimetry and the characterization of PM2.5 by scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy analysis. (FTIR); Climatological measurements were also made, such as temperature, relative humidity, wind direction and speed, during a period of 10 days in the month of March 2022. The results indicated a range of PM2.5 between 71 µg/m3 (point: CA- 07) and 123 µg/m3 (point CA-10) and perfluorododecyl iodide type microplastic was identified, which suggests continuing with a monitoring program as an instrument to help control sources of pollution in the city.
Copyright (c) 2023 Rodrigo Dávid Colichón Carranza, Alexis Torres-del Aguila, Carlos Mauricio Lozano Carranza, Andi Lozano Chung (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Evaluation of the effectiveness of an entomopathogenic consortium for the control of mealybug (Planococcus citri) located on the María Auxiliadora campus of the Salesian Polytechnic University
Introduction: in the city of Guayaquil, the mealybug pest poses a threat to various plant species. Biological control strategies, such as the use of one of its natural predators, ladybugs, are also possible, as are other solutions such as the use of entomopathogenic fungi. Objective: to evaluate the efficacy of an entomopathogenic consortium consisting of the species Beauveria bassiana, Metarhizium anisopliae, Lecanicillium lecanii, and Purpureocillium lilacinum against the mealybug species Planococcus citri in lemon plants. Method: the experimental strategy was carried out on the grounds of the Salesian Polytechnic University, María Auxiliadora campus. Lemon trees were infected with Planococcus citri for 4 to 6 months, two weeks before the application of the treatments. The 7 treatments, except for the application control, consisted of 3 different concentrations (200 %, 100 %, and 50 %) of the positive control (chemical detergent) and the entomopathogenic consortium. Results: the mortality rate of scale insects and the efficacy of the consortium were analyzed. Treatment 3 (100%) produced the highest mortality rate; while treatment 2, the positive control, and treatment 3, the entomopathogenic consortium, showed no significant differences in efficacy. In addition, chlorophyll was analyzed before and after treatment; treatment 3 showed significant differences compared to the positive control treatments. Conclusions: the entomopathogenic fungal consortium proved to be an effective alternative to chemical insecticides for controlling Planococcus citri, as higher mortality of the pest and a significant population reduction were observed with the use of this treatment compared to the negative and positive controls.
Copyright (c) 2024 Solange del Rocío Lituma Carriel (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Biological Control of Planococcus citri by Entomopathogenic Fungi: A Review of Mechanisms and Applications
Introduction: entomopathogenic fungi (EPFs) represent a sustainable and effective alternative for the biological control of agricultural pests, such as the citrus scale (Planococcus citri), which significantly affects lemon crops in Ecuador. These fungi, including Beauveria bassiana, Metarhizium anisopliae, and Lecanicillium lecanii, act as natural insect pathogens, reducing dependence on chemical pesticides. Objective: to review the potential of EPFs as biological control agents against Planococcus citri, analyzing their mechanisms of action, efficacy, and applications in Ecuadorian agriculture. Development: EPFs infect scale insects by adhesion, germination, penetration, and colonization, producing enzymes and toxins that degrade the insect's cuticle. Studies show that strains such as Metarhizium anisopliae and Lecanicillium lecanii are especially effective against P. citri nymphs and adults. However, their effectiveness can be limited by environmental factors such as humidity, temperature, and the presence of waxy coatings on the insect. Conclusions: HEPs are a promising tool for integrated pest management in citrus, although their success depends on optimal environmental conditions and stable formulations. Further local research evaluating native strains and application strategies is recommended to maximize their effectiveness in controlling P. citri.
Bioremediation of hydrocarbon-contaminated soils: review and perspective for Ecuador in the Latin American context
Introduction: soil contamination by hydrocarbons is a critical problem in megadiverse countries like Ecuador, where oil activity generates severe environmental impacts, especially in sensitive ecosystems such as the Amazon. Objective: to examine the state-of-the-art bioremediation techniques for hydrocarbon-contaminated soils in Latin America, with a special emphasis on Ecuador. Development: bioremediation is addressed as a sustainable alternative for restoring contaminated soils, highlighting techniques such as phytoremediation, mycoremediation, biostimulation, bioaugmentation, and the use of biochar and biosurfactants. The role of indigenous microorganisms (bacteria and fungi) and microbial consortia in the degradation of contaminants such as total petroleum hydrocarbons (TPH) and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) is emphasized. Although there has been significant international progress, the applicability of these techniques in tropical and megadiverse contexts—such as those in Latin America—remains limited. Ecuador, despite its environmental vulnerability and economic dependence on oil, has limited scientific output in this field. Conclusions: there is a need to adapt bioremediation strategies to local conditions, considering soil and climate factors, native biodiversity, and socio-environmental dynamics.
Bibliometric analysis of bioremediation of hydrocarbon-contaminated soils in Ecuador 2019-2025
Introduction: biotechnology has developed techniques such as bioremediation, which seeks to restore contaminated soils through the use of microorganisms, plants, or organic amendments, reducing the concentration of contaminants without generating toxic secondary waste. It is necessary to compile, organize, and analyze research on bioremediation of hydrocarbon-contaminated soils in Ecuador. Objective: to analyze the current state of scientific production on bioremediation of hydrocarbon-contaminated soils in Ecuador during the period 2019-2025, through a bibliometric study. Method: scientific studies from the Scopus database were compiled and processed with the help of Biblioshiny (RDtudio) and Google Colab for analysis and visualization of key indicators: techniques, organisms, bioremediation strategies, publications by year, most cited studies, national affiliations, international collaborations, co-authorship networks, and journal quartiles. Results: they show sustained growth in scientific production, with a significant peak in 2022 and 2023. The most commonly used bioremediation techniques were bioaugmentation, phytoremediation, and the use of native microorganisms, with the genus Pseudomonas predominating, reflecting a preference for sustainable methodologies adapted to local conditions. The main national affiliations are public universities such as the University of the Armed Forces, the National University of Chimborazo, and the Technical University of Manabí. International collaborations, although few, are found in countries such as Mexico, Spain, Italy, Brazil, and Venezuela. Despite the progress, most research is published in low-quartile journals, which limits its international visibility. Conclusions: it is important to strengthen national and international collaboration networks and expand bibliometric analysis to include non-indexed documentary sources to achieve a more comprehensive view of scientific development in this area in the Ecuadorian context.
Copyright (c) 2026 Solange del Rocío Lituma Carriel (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Unveiling the soil's potential: a greenhouse case study at AgroBolívar C.A
Agriculture is fundamental for economic and social development, with Bolívar state in Venezuela being an important agricultural producer. This research focused on characterizing the agricultural soil in a greenhouse of AgroBolívar C.A. in Ciudad Bolívar, with the objective of understanding its physical and chemical properties and its productive potential. A composite sampling was carried out in Greenhouse #3. The methodology included analyses of bulk density, particle density, porosity, pH, and exchangeable acidity. The results revealed high bulk density (Plot 1: 1.890 g·cm-3; Plot 2: 1.813 g·cm-3; Plot 3: 1.885 g·cm-3), a particle density suggesting a high organic matter content, and low porosity (Plot 1: 17.42%; Plot 2: 23.28%; Plot 3: 14.47%). The pH varied from neutral (Plot 1) to moderately alkaline (Plots 2 and 3). Exchangeable acidity does not represent a limiting factor for the soils. It is concluded that the soil exhibits compaction with variability in pH, which should be considered to optimize management and crop selection.
Copyright (c) 2026 Nemecis Astudillo M, Marycarmen Rodríguez A (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Phytoremediation efficiency of Pistia stratiotes and Eichhornia crassipes in leachates generated at the Cuñumbuqui landfill
The present investigation entitled "Eficiencia de fitorremediación de Pistia stratiotes y Eichornia crassipes en lixiviados generados en el botadero de Cuñumbuqui, San Martín 2020." It has as a general objective is to evaluate the efficiency of the phytoremediation of the selected species that are the Pistia stratiotes and Eichornia crassipes, this research is of an applied type since in the treatment, phytoremediation techniques were applied using macrophyte species under ex situ conditions; with a quasi - experimental design; The population corresponded to the leachate generated in the Cuñumbuqui dump, from which a sample of 130L was obtained, where 20L was distributed for each of the 6 ponds that were used in the treatment, which was carried out in a period After 15 days, the field parameters (pH, temperature, EC and DO) were monitored every 3 days during that time; Likewise, techniques and instruments were used to collect data, respectively, such as: the field record sheet, daily record, and chains of custody; The procedure was developed in stages both in the office for the systematization of information and data, and in the field to carry out the project. In conclusion, the application of macrophyte species in leachates formed in landfills is a treatment alternative, it was found that Eichhornia crassipes is more efficient than Pistia stratiotes, since it has a greater removal of pollutants to improve the quality of these waters, which that would allow giving it a different final disposition.
Copyright (c) 2025 Libia Belén Arévalo-Saavedra, Carlos Mauricio Lozano-Carranza, Andi Lozano-Chung (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Studies and technological advances in the treatment of contaminated wáter
The research addressed the environmental problems arising from the generation of leachates in landfills and municipal solid waste dumps, recognising them as highly polluting effluents due to their content of organic and inorganic compounds and heavy metals. National and international background information was reviewed, highlighting studies that applied advanced oxidation processes, such as the Fenton method, and phytoremediation techniques with plant species adapted to different environments. Research by Pellón, López and Espinoza characterised leachates based on climatic factors and waste composition, while Medina et al. optimised the Fenton process, finding differences between rainy and dry seasons. Alcalde et al. evaluated bioremediation as a viable alternative, and Jerez verified the ability of plants to accumulate heavy metals in roots and leaves. Sari et al. and Fasani et al. measured the effectiveness of species such as Echinodorus palaefolius and Chrysopogon zizanioides in reducing pollutants and evapotranspiration. Key parameters such as pH, total suspended solids, chemical and biochemical oxygen demand, and total petroleum hydrocarbons, as defined by the APHA and EPA, were highlighted. Phytoremediation, using species such as Eichhornia crassipes and Pistia stratiotes, proved to be a low-cost, highly efficient alternative capable of removing organic compounds, metals and microorganisms through processes such as phytoextraction, phytodegradation and rhizofiltration. It was concluded that the combination of these techniques with continuous monitoring and proper biomass management constituted a sustainable, technically and economically viable strategy for leachate management, contributing to the protection of water resources and the achievement of environmental objectives.
Copyright (c) 2023 Libia Belén Arévalo-Saavedra, Carlos Mauricio Lozano-Carranza, Andi Lozano-Chung (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Environmental Impact of Improper Solid Waste Disposal in San Pablo, Peru
The study showed that inadequate solid waste management in the district of San Pablo represented a critical environmental problem, characterised by cumulative impacts on soil, water and public health. The absence of a technically designed landfill and the disposal of waste in an open dump without waterproofing or leachate treatment systems led to the continuous release of pollutants. These leachates, generated by the decomposition of organic matter and the percolation of rainwater, contained high concentrations of biodegradable organic matter, heavy metals (Pb, Cd, Cr, Hg, Ni) and pathogenic microorganisms, frequently exceeding Environmental Quality Standards. In the soil, leachate infiltration altered physicochemical properties, increasing electrical conductivity, decreasing pH and reducing natural fertility. From a biological point of view, a decrease in microbial diversity and an alteration of essential biogeochemical cycles were observed. This situation was aggravated by sociocultural factors such as hyperconsumption, low recycling rates and low environmental awareness, compounded by the limited technical and budgetary capacities of the local government. Comparative analysis with national and international studies showed that the case of San Pablo replicated a common pattern in localities without adequate infrastructure. The research highlighted the need to implement a sanitary landfill with leachate and biogas control, environmental monitoring programmes, community education campaigns and citizen participation mechanisms as comprehensive strategies to mitigate and prevent environmental and health risks, ensuring a healthy environment for the present and future population.
Copyright (c) 2022 Benny Walker Díaz-Fonseca, Carlos Mauricio Lozano-Carranza, Andi Lozano-Chung (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Environmental and health risks due to inadequate waste disposal in San Pablo, Peru
Solid waste generation was one of the most persistent environmental and municipal management problems, affecting both urban and rural areas. In the district of San Pablo, the lack of a formal landfill forced waste to be disposed of in an open dump, producing toxic leachates containing heavy metals such as lead, cadmium and chromium. These contaminants infiltrated the soil and nearby water bodies, putting human health and the quality of natural resources at risk, especially in agricultural areas. National and international research showed that this phenomenon physically, chemically, and biologically degraded the soil, reducing its fertility and affecting food chains. The proximity of the dump to productive areas increased the risk of bioaccumulation of contaminants in crops and livestock. High BOD, COD, and bacteriological values above permissible limits were also observed. Social, cultural and political factors, such as excessive consumption, lack of environmental education and political will, intensified the problem. International experience showed that the solution required planning, adequate infrastructure, technical control, community participation and environmental education. For San Pablo, it was proposed to implement a sanitary landfill with waterproofing, leachate treatment, recycling programmes and continuous environmental monitoring. Without a comprehensive strategy, the negative impact of leachates would continue to degrade the soil, water and public health, compromising food security and the socio-economic well-being of the community.
Assessment of soil contamination by leachates from the municipal landfill in the district of San Pablo
The present investigation, it had as general aim evaluate the pollution of the soil affected for lixiviados of the municipal botadero of San Paul's District, by means of a descriptive investigation of type, in which they were analyzed to the metals weighed as Cadmium (CD), Lead (Pb), Chrome the VIth (Cr+6) and Total Chrome (Cr Total) in soil, in addition they are established in the D. S N ° 002-2013 MINAM, standards of Environmental Quality (ECA) for soil. The samples were obtained of the soil and later sent to the laboratory of soils of San's Martin National University. The investigation concludes that it was reached to evaluate the pollution of the soil affected for lixiviados of the municipal botadero of San Paul's District, realizing two samplings in different dates, they were sampled to the Cadmium (CD), Lead (Pb), Chrome the VIth (Cr+6) and Total Chrome (Cr Total), the sampling was realized in three different points of the municipal botadero (P1: Agricultural Soil, P2: central Soil of the botadero, P3: Soil of control or initial soil of the botadero), Likewise it was achieved to find the presence of the Cadmium, Lead and Total Chrome in three points of sampling with the exception of the Chrome the VIth. The comparison of the levels of concentration of the heavy metals evaluated with the Standards of Environmental Quality for soil - ECA allowed to establish that the levels of Cadmium (CD) in three sampled points overcome the values established by the ECA for an agricultural soil, with regard to the Lead (Pb) in three sampled points they do not overcome the values established by the ECA for an agricultural soil.
Environmental and health risk assessment of PM 2.5 and microplastics in Morales
The research analyzed the impact of fine particulate matter (PM2.5) on atmospheric quality in the district of Morales, San Martin province, during the year 2022. PM2.5, with an aerodynamic diameter of less than 2.5 μm, was identified as one of the most dangerous pollutants worldwide, associated with millions of premature deaths and chronic respiratory diseases, lung cancer and other disorders. It was highlighted that its concentrations were determined by emissions, meteorological conditions and physicochemical transformations. In Morales, possible sources included rice milling plants, brick kilns, vulcanizing plants, service stations and agricultural activities. In addition, the possible presence of microplastics in the composition of PM2.5 was considered, which represented an additional risk to health and the environment. The research was justified on theoretical, social, economic and environmental criteria, underlining the need for monitoring and control. The lack of previous studies in Peru on the joint presence of PM2.5 and microplastics, as well as the limited real-time measurement infrastructure, motivated the study. The study sought to compare local concentrations with international references and national regulations, evaluating their significance in the deterioration of air quality. It was concluded that PM2.5 air pollution in Morales could have relevant impacts on public health and environmental quality, and that the identification of sources and characteristics of these particles was essential to develop effective mitigation and protection strategies for the population and the ecosystem.
Copyright (c) 2022 Thomas Mandelman, Claudia Navas (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
QR Code-Based Ecoprint Catalog Digitalization as a Strategic Innovation for Sustainable MSME Development at Tembindigo
Introduction: New eco-friendly creative industries focus on sustainable innovations such as ecoprinting which transfers natural motifs from plants onto fabrics. However, many Micro, Small, and Medium Enterprises (MSMEs) still grapple with production consistency issues stemming from inadequate botanical knowledge. Therefore, this study focused on developing a digital ecoprint catalogue based on QR codes at Tembindigo MSME in Yogyakarta. The objectives included documenting the characteristics of local plants to enhance ecoprint training sessions and foster sustainability-oriented developmental growth within MSMEs. Methods: The study used a Participatory Action Research (PAR) design that included seven members from Tembindigo MSME and 25 participants of the training. Some of the key steps were entitled local plant asset mapping, collecting leaves alongside their motifs, and combining that with the digital catalogue to embed QR codes. As for user satisfaction and the effectiveness of digitalisation, both variables were analysed through Likert-scaled questionnaires and quantitative analysis alongside qualitative word cloud feedback. Results: The results showed that 85% of the documented plants formed distinct and consistent motifs. Users reported overall satisfaction with the platform (mean score above 4.5/5) and praised its accessibility, information clarity, and effectiveness in treatment-shared guidance. Furthermore, the QR-based system minimized trial-and-error processes and significantly bolstered self-paced learning in training sessions. It also added to Tembindigo’s branding and experience value offered to visitors. Conclusion: The overall learning and motif consistency were notably enhanced through the use of the QR-based ecoprint catalogue, therefore, providing an innovative and MSME-friendly solution. It integrates traditional crafts and digital technologies, strengthens the branding of MSMEs, and fosters sustainable eco-friendly entrepreneurship. This model can be utilized by ecoprint-based MSMEs aiming to enhance training, quality, and market outreach.
Copyright (c) 2025 Nur Kholifah, Jarwo Puspito, Triyanto, Muhammad Nurtanto, Farid Mutohhari, Fitria Oktariani, Desnanda Putri Sagita (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Biosafety in the work performance of workers exposed to biological risks
Introduction: Occupational biological risk is the probability that workers will suffer health damage from contact or exposure to biological agents. To prevent occupational diseases, workers need biosafety knowledge that enables them to develop appropriate attitudes and practices in their work. Objective: To determine the level of biosafety knowledge, attitudes, and practices of workers exposed to biological risks at the National Center for Minimally Access Surgery. Methods: A descriptive, observational, cross-sectional study was conducted. The study population consisted of 198 workers exposed to biological risks at the institution. Using simple random sampling, the sample consisted of 98 workers. A performance observation guide was applied, allowing for the assessment of variables using the designed qualitative scale, considering the positive value for each variable studied. Results: 71.9% of the respondents rated their level of knowledge as insufficient, while 65.3% rated their attitudes and appropriate practices regarding biosafety as insufficient, and 59.7% rated their attitudes and appropriate practices regarding biosafety as insufficient. The most affected variables were insufficient knowledge for identifying risks in the workplace and managing hospital waste, as well as inadequate response to accidents involving biological agents. Conclusions: Workers exposed to biological risks at the National Center for Minimally Access Surgery (CMS) have insufficient knowledge, attitudes, and appropriate practices in biosafety to prevent occupational accidents and diseases while on the job.
Copyright (c) 2025 Daimarelis Guerra del Valle , Yanet Ortega Dugrot , Susana Solís Solís, Jorge Alberto Silva Valido , Iyolexis Calzada Medina, Ilén Núñez Casañas (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Medicine of the future: artificial intelligence, gene editing, and planetary health
This article analyzed the main advances and challenges associated with the medicine of the future, focusing on four fundamental pillars: personalized medicine based on genomics, artificial intelligence applied to diagnosis and clinical management, emerging therapies using CRISPR-based gene editing, and the comprehensive One Health approach that links human, animal, and environmental health. Through a narrative review, recent evidence was examined to illustrate how these technologies are transforming healthcare systems worldwide. Ethical, social, and regulatory implications were also discussed, highlighting the need for interdisciplinary integration to achieve preventive, personalized, and sustainable medicine.
Copyright (c) 2025 Camil A. Pinargote, Jeisson G. Mero, Valeria D. Macías, Daliannis Rodríguez , Mario A. García (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Biointerfaces in sensors and medical devices: challenges, materials, and solutions for biological integration
Biointerfaces are strategic components in the design of medical sensors and devices, enabling functional interaction between electronic systems and biological tissues. This article examines their properties, materials, and clinical applications, with a focus on biocompatibility, cellular adhesion, electrical conductivity, and structural stability. Current approaches based on conductive hydrogels, nanocomposites with metal oxides, and intelligent coatings are reviewed, as well as their implications in implantable, wearable, microfluidic, and neural interface technologies. The study also addresses critical challenges such as miniaturization, immune response, and the integration of dynamic, stimulus-activated functions. It concludes that biointerfaces represent a key pathway toward the development of more precise, adaptive, and sustainable medical technologies, whose advancement will depend on interdisciplinary convergence among biomedical engineering, materials science, and emerging clinical needs.
Copyright (c) 2025 Inwang Edet Usoro, Robert O. Akhigbe, Michael Promise Ogolodom, Abdullahi Shuaibu, Emmanuel Emeka Ezugwu, Olunwayemisi Titi Oyegbata, Misael Ron, Oluwafemi Olumide Egbeyemi (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Medical Applications and Challenges of Cell Culture Systems
Introduction: cell culture systems allow investigation of physiological, pathological, and pharmacological processes under controlled conditions, tracing back to techniques developed since the early 20th century and enhanced by the discovery of induced pluripotent stem cells in 2006. Methods: a total of 16 articles in Spanish and English were retrieved from Scopus, Science, and Springer using the keywords “2D cell culture,” “3D cell culture,” “regenerative medicine,” and “drug screening,” with more than 60 % published in the last five years. Results: two-dimensional cultures are characterized by simplicity, low cost, and scalability in cytotoxicity assays and drug screening, although they exhibit low biological fidelity. Three-dimensional systems better reproduce tissue architecture, generate nutrient and oxygen gradients, and promote more physiological gene expression profiles, making them suitable for tissue engineering, organoid development, and regenerative medicine. Identified applications include monoclonal antibody production, vaccines, cell therapies, and viral diagnostics. However, technical complexity, matrix standardization, and reproducibility remain limiting factors. Conclusions: cell culture techniques enable in vitro study of cellular physiology and pathology. Two-dimensional monolayers and three-dimensional constructs offer distinct advantages and limitations. Their applications include drug screening, regenerative medicine, vaccine production, and diagnostics.
Copyright (c) 2025 Javier Gonzalez-Argote (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Implementation of Lab-on-a-Chip technologies in hematology: advances and challenges
Advances in biomedical engineering, electronics, and bioinformatics are catalyzing the transition from conventional laboratories to Lab-on-a-Chip technologies. This technology shows potential for application in areas with a strong diagnostic component, such as hematology. This article was developed with the aim of describing the principles, advances, and challenges of implementing Lab-on-a-Chip technologies in hematology. Guided by the principles of microfluidics, these technologies enable tests ranging from complete blood counts to more complex ones such as flow cytometry. The ability to perform multiple analyses in parallel, its portability, and speed could greatly improve care in the care unit or at the patient's bedside, leading to early and timely diagnosis. However, component integration issues, manufacturing complexity, robustness, reliability, sensitivity, and lack of standardization remain real problems that hinder its development. Its development, although still slow, and integration with artificial intelligence techniques will favor diagnosis and treatment in hematological practice.
Copyright (c) 2025 Mayra Oliva Santos, Michael Ndlovu, Dinora Márquez Delgado (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Bibliographic update on cell and protein engineering
Introduction: bioprocessing is undergoing a revolution driven by innovations such as single-use systems and continuous bioprocessing. The direct approach to cell engineering is to introduce to or omit from the cell a gene or genes by genetic engineering methods to endow a particular phenotype in order to improve the cellular processes. Over three-quarters of therapeutic proteins are produced using Chinese hamster ovary cells, that raises as the most common cell line used. The aim was to characterize cell and protein engineering. Methods: a literature review was conducted, where 18 articles in English and Spanish were selected, published in the last five years on the subject, in databases such as: Scopus, PubMed, Springer. Results: deleting nonessential genes may increase the productivity by directing cellular resources toward product biosynthesis. Cell culture system provide controlled environments to study cellular process, mammalian cell cultures are valuable for virology, vaccine production, tissue regeneration, genetic engineering. The use of these modified cells is essential for producing recombinant proteins, antibodies and vaccines. Conclusions: cell and protein engineering raised as alternative tools for the development of specific therapies in cancer and immunologic diseases in the last few years. Recombinant protein production lay on areas as cell culture, mammalian cells for specific antibody expression, cell culture technologies and bioreactors as the corner stone for bioprocess.
Copyright (c) 2026 Telmo Raul Aveiro-Róbalo, Vanessa Pérez-Del-Vallín (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Regenerative Medicine and Tissue Engineering: Innovations in Scaffolding Technologies, Stem Cell Engineering, and Bioprinting for Tissue Repair and Organ Regeneration
Introduction: regenerative medicine and tissue engineering are emerging disciplines that seek to restore the function of damaged tissues and organs through technological innovations. These areas combine biology, engineering, and medicine to develop solutions that improve patients' quality of life. In this context, scaffolding technologies, stem cell engineering, and bioprinting stand out as key tools for tissue repair and organ regeneration. Development: scaffolds are three-dimensional structures that provide physical support for cell growth and tissue formation. They can be designed with biocompatible materials that mimic the properties of natural tissue, facilitating integration with the body. Stem cell engineering, on the other hand, allows for the extraction and differentiation of cells with regenerative potential, which is crucial for repairing damage to specific tissues. Bioprinting, an innovative technique, uses 3D printers to create complex cellular structures, enabling the manufacture of personalized tissues and artificial organs. These technologies have shown promising results in preclinical and clinical studies, offering new hope in the treatment of degenerative diseases, traumatic injuries, and birth defects. Conclusions: innovations in scaffolding technologies, stem cell engineering, and bioprinting are opening up new possibilities for tissue and organ repair and regeneration. As these technologies continue to evolve, it is critical to address the associated ethical and regulatory challenges to ensure their safe and effective implementation in clinical practice.
Copyright (c) 2025 Esteban Llorente-Nuñez, Diago Nunes-Coelho (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Multiscale modeling in systems biology is a methodological approach designed to represent, integrate, and simulate complex biological phenomena occurring across various organizational levels, from the molecular to the tissue scale. In contrast to reductionist perspectives, this holistic framework acknowledges that biological processes emerge from dynamic interactions among components operating simultaneously in multiple spatial and temporal scales. Its development has been facilitated by the growing availability of omics data and the evolution of advanced computational tools, enabling the creation of realistic and predictive simulations. This article reviews theoretical foundations and current applications of multiscale modeling in key fields such as personalized medicine, computational pharmacology, tissue engineering, and clinical simulation. It covers integration strategies such as hierarchical and concurrent coupling, and highlights the use of specialized platforms like GROMACS, NAMD, SimBiology, and PhysiCell. The advantages of this modeling approach include the design of individualized treatments, virtual testing of biomaterials, and the optimization of clinical trials through simulated cohorts. Multiscale models allow not only a more accurate representation of biological systems but also enable the anticipation of pathophysiological dynamics, reduce drug development timelines, and enhance clinical decision-making. Their future effectiveness will depend on data interoperability, algorithmic refinement, and integration with artificial intelligence. Ultimately, multiscale modeling is a foundational tool for advancing toward a more predictive, contextual, and adaptive biology suited to the evolving challenges of contemporary medicine.
Copyright (c) 2026 Nairobi Hernández Bridon, Alfredo Carlos Rodríguez-Portelles, Arianna Maité Céspedes Rómulo (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Operating and maintenance manual for the implementation of the conventional drinking water treatment plant (ptap) in the urban area of the municipality of Bochalema, northern Santander
This manual describes the activities and operating and maintenance characteristics of the water supply service in the urban area of the municipality of Bochalema, Norte de Santander, which is provided by the Public Services Unit. The municipality of Bochalema has two types of water treatment plants, one conventional and one compact. The need for a manual indicating the activities and procedures for the proper operation and maintenance of the conventional plant was identified, since these activities are sometimes carried out empirically by operators, i.e., acquired through several years of experience in their positions, ignoring the importance of having a manual that supports the operational management of the plant and provides the personnel involved with adequate knowledge about the procedures that are carried out and the best way to operate the facilities, equipment, and supplies. Training both current and new managers. The specific objectives focus on: describing the parts that make up the conventional treatment plant, specifying the functioning, operation, and maintenance of the PTAP, indicating the processes and quality standards for water treatment, and preparing safety data sheets for chemical reagents. To achieve the above objectives, the training was organized into sections so that each one would allow for the development of a specific objective, based on a qualitative and quantitative analysis of the needs of the conventional treatment plant and the operators involved, in accordance with the training required for its optimal operation. Based on the above and as the main result of the project, a detailed and practical manual was produced that meets the needs, focusing on improving the quality of water supplied to the inhabitants of the urban area of the municipality of Bochalema and on good laboratory practices.
Copyright (c) 2022 Sara Esther Sanchez Carrillo, Ana María Rosso Cerón (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Lon adsorption behavior (in aqueous solutions) of lanthanum, cerium, and europium in organic adsorbents: review of kinetic, isothermal, and thermodynamic studies
Rare earth elements are present in a large number of raw materials for different applications in high technology, including lasers, magnets, fiber optics, X-ray machines, and lamps. Therefore, efforts have been made to find new alternatives that improve the recovery and recycling of these important elements, given that rare earth reserves worldwide are scarce and highly polluting. The aim is to counteract demand and help the environment by using alternative methods and making use of waste at the end of its useful life. Some of this waste is found in water sources from treatment plants and mining, which is significantly dangerous for nature and humans. As a viable alternative, the adsorption method has been chosen as it is an effective and low-cost process. This document aims to analyze different literature on the adsorption of lanthanum, cerium, and europium ions (in aqueous solutions) on organic adsorbents such as biomass and activated carbons, in order to verify whether the adsorption technique proves to be effective for the recovery of these elements, analyzing the kinetic, isothermal, and thermodynamic models. The results obtained confirm that the parameters that depend on adsorption are contact time, pH, and temperature, with a high capacity for removing metal ions. The isotherms most used by the different authors were Langmuir and Freundlich. For the kinetic study, a correlation was found with the activation energy taking place in chemisorption. Most of the literature studied showed that these were spontaneous and endothermic processes.
Copyright (c) 2022 Roxana Alejandra Ramirez Moriano, Jacqueline Corredor Acuña (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0